This hypothesis is so alien to the ideas of most people today that it can truly be called astonishing” ( Crick, 1994). As Lewis Carroll's Alice might have phrased, ‘You’re nothing but a pack of neurons'. “You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules. It is a point that was echoed by Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis in a recent piece for the New York Times: “ we need to stop building computer systems that merely get better and better at detecting statistical patterns in data sets-often using an approach known as ‘Deep Learning’-and start building computer systems that from the moment of their assembly innately grasp three basic concepts: time, space, and causality.” In this paper, foregrounding what in 1949 Gilbert Ryle termed “a category mistake”, I will offer an alternative explanation for AI errors it is not so much that AI machinery cannot “grasp” causality, but that AI machinery (qua computation) cannot understand anything at all.įor much of the twentieth century, the dominant cognitive paradigm identified the mind with the brain as the Nobel laureate Francis Crick eloquently summarized: all the impressive achievements of deep learning amount to just curve fitting.” The key, as Pearl suggests, is to replace “reasoning by association” with “causal reasoning” -the ability to infer causes from observed phenomena. As Judea Pearl sees it, the underlying reason for such mistakes is that “. A corollary of such widespread commercial deployment is that when AI gets things wrong-an autonomous vehicle crashes, a chatbot exhibits “racist” behavior, automated credit-scoring processes “discriminate” on gender, etc.-there are often significant financial, legal, and brand consequences, and the incident becomes major news.
Such technological developments from artificial intelligence (AI) labs have ushered concomitant applications across the world of business, where an “AI” brand-tag is quickly becoming ubiquitous. Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United KingdomĪrtificial Neural Networks have reached “grandmaster” and even “super-human” performance across a variety of games, from those involving perfect information, such as Go, to those involving imperfect information, such as “Starcraft”.
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